Sam Holloway, Ph.D. & Mark Meckler, Ph.D.
Originally published July 18, 2016
Source Article: https://craftingastrategy.com/what-strategy-cas
In 1996, Harvard Business School Professor, Michael Porter asked a very important question: What is Strategy? Porter opens the article by stating that operational effectiveness (OE) is not strategy. Managers focusing too closely on OE tools will often think they are doing a good job, they may even measure Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that validate they are doing a good job, but these same managers often scratch their heads when profitability doesn’t last very long. Porter (1996: 61-67) went on to say that:
“Operational Effectiveness is necessary but not sufficient …The essence of strategy is choosing to perform activities differently than rivals do… Strategy is the creation of a unique and valuable position involving a different set of activities… than rivals engage in.
To bring this back to craft beer: Making ales and flavorful beers very different from traditional industrial lagers has allowed craft breweries to sustain their competitive position and consistently erode market share from InBev, Miller, Coors, and other legacy breweries. This worked because visionary brewers and entrepreneurs believed that food and beer culture was shifting in a way that would favor craft, and they moved strategically to position themselves to take advantage of that future reality.
Strategy Requires Tradeoffs
Porter also points out that deciding what not to do is just as important as deciding what your firm should do. Rivals will quickly copy a successful competitive strategy, often producing similar products to match changes in consumer trends. “Tradeoffs create the need for choice and protect against repositioners and straddlers” (Porter, 1996: 68). Even though it seems like every craft brewery in the Pacific Northwest makes an IPA, there are several recent entrants that choose another route. Occidental Brewing (Portland, OR) makes only German style ales, The Commons Brewery (Portland, OR) makes Belgian styles, and Crooked Stave Artisan Beer Project (Denver, CO) focuses on sour beers. Each of these firms is completely capable of making a great IPA, but their strategies don’t allow for it. Oakshire Brewing made the difficult decision to stay out of the food business, and pioneered the tactic of partnering with food trucks.
Strategy is About Fit
There’s an old saying in strategic management: “Fit Happens”. Porter goes one step further, saying: “Fit locks out imitators by creating a chain that is as strong as its strongest link” (Porter, 1996: 70). Porter suggests there are three types of fit, first-, second-, and third-order fit. What we do below is link you to CAS white papers that address each of these types of fit with specific craft brewery examples:
First-Order Fit: Simple Consistency
Second-Order Fit: Occurs When Activities are Reinforcing
Third-Order Fit: Optimization of Effort
Holloway and Meckler Augment Porter’s Definition
Rather than try to explain strategy in an isolated fashion like Porter (1996), we suggest strategy is inextricably integrated with leadership and innovation.
Figure One “CAS Model of Strategy in Action,” shows the overlap of strategy, innovation, and leadership. By working with this framework management can focus on what to do, what to
not do, and why. We encourage brewery owners to self-determine what the business should do based upon why they created and choose to sustain the business, their core values, and dreams. Decision-making fits leadership, culture and value systems with goals and strategic actions.
Figure 1 – CAS Model of Strategy In Action
Innovation and Creativity
A focus on maximizing operational efficiency and incremental product and process innovation is currently driving a merger between InBev and SABMiller , two of the largest mass-market beer corporations. However, the marketplace is shifting in a way that offers opportunity for firms that can be more agile, innovative and flexible with their business models and product lines than the large mature companies. Craft breweries are seizing this innovation opportunity at the market share expense of large corporate breweries. Breweries like Budweiser and Heineken simply cannot afford to give up any efficiencies because margins would no doubt shrink, and shareholders would scream! They are stuck; trapped by the rules of their own strategy. Holloway, Meckler and Brymer reported this emerging industry disruption
in a May 2016 article.
Innovation and creativity are at the core of the craft beer movement, and a strategic approach in these areas will allow breweries to profit from their creativity, not simply churn out a wider variety of delicious beer. At CAS, we organize the creative process to allow for innovation
. Strategic innovation organizes creative processes around the correct resources and an economic model that allows for appropriate scale and adequate efficiency.
For craft breweries and craft brew pubs, maximizing efficiency isn’t the answer at this point. The answer in the year 2016 is producing different and flavorful beers that the craft beer marketplace is demanding, and attracting motivated craftspeople as employees, even if margin percentages end up lower. Of course, too much on the creativity side may end up costing too much. Once again there are tradeoffs.
The key is to develop an adequate efficiency for the scale and mission you are trying to achieve, allowing enough inefficient creativity for achieving the innovation demanded by your mission, vision and of course, the marketplace. Nearly everything else you do must be carefully organized to produce and keep the balance between the effectiveness of the innovation you need and your minimum adequate efficient scale. Here is a sampling of CAS papers that guide the craft-brewing entrepreneur from creativity through invention, and to innovation.
How Do Consumers Value Products And Services?
How Many New Products Can I Make While Still Making Money?
How Should I Recombine Resources And What If It Cannibalizes Old Ones?
Leadership
The classic first strategy question: “where do you want to go,” is and should be, more of a leadership issue than a strategic issue. We frame it as “What Needs To Be Done.” It is the responsibility of the principals of the business (the owners, directors, the board) to decide upon the mission and explain their vision for the firm. It is an abdication of leadership when these critical decisions are not made and communicated. The principals of the firm than hire “agents,” like general managers, master brewers and CEO’s, to come up with strategies to achieve that mission and realize that vision. In many craft brewing businesses, the owners are also the managers, filling a dual role. For them, the mission and vision are self-evident. However, as the brewery business grows and other agents are employed, the original founders must learn to communicate the mission, expectations, beliefs, hopes and values clearly enough so that those who agree and are motivated by those principles stay and contribute, and those who do not tend to move on to other employment opportunities. This is the fundamental mechanism through which a constructive and intentional organizational culture grows.
Leadership is also distributed throughout the organization. Whenever there is a gap between how things are and what is hoped for, there is leadership waiting to happen. These gaps are opportunities for employees to visualize what needs to be done, figure out the variables and tradeoffs between them, bring it to the attention of others, create action plans design to improve the situation and energize themselves and others to act. This is how strategy gets implemented, every day, in every area of the brewery and brew pub. When employees do not know what it is that is hoped for, and what is not hoped for, the coordinated and successful implementation of strategy is not going to happen. CAS media that introduces you to the nuances of strategic leadership and culture include:
Create A Future That Fits Your Unique Talents
Create a Culture That Is A Reflection Of Your Values
How can we distribute leadership within the firm, creating a wise organization?
- CAS Video Presentation: Wisdom
Growing Up As A Leader, Learning to Let Go
Works Cited
Porter, Michael E (1996). What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review. November-December Issue